What is the Neolithic Revolution and how did settlement patterns and life change as a result?

The
Neolithic Revolution, or Agricultural Revolution, was the human shift from hunting and gathering
to planting and domestication of animals.  It was made possible by the warming climate that
occurred after the last ice age.  The shift from hunting to farming had profound effects on
humanity.

After humans learned to plant and domesticate, a move away from
nomadic existence was possible.  Humans gravitated to water sources like creeks and rivers.
 River valleys became popular destinations. An important result of farming was that larger
yields of food allowed for larger populations.  The larger populations led to the first
permanent settlements.  Small farming villages grew into towns, which eventually turned into
large river civilizations.

The birth of larger settlements also had
consequences.  The need to manage surplus resulted in more complex governments being
established.  With larger populations living in such close proximity to one another, disease was
more common.  

The idea that humans could produce a surplus of food and other
goods led to many new developments.  One negative that arose from farming was a competition for
resources, which led to the advent of warfare.  The allocation of these resources also led to
the first social class systems and specialized jobs.  In order to keep track of the surpluses,
writing systems were invented.

The consequences of the Neolithic Revolution
would be unmatched in scope and scale until the Industrial Revolution many millenia later.