Both
Bismarck and Cavour used a complex series of diplomatic maneuvers, including wars, to unify
their respective nations. Bismarck, who served as the chief minister under the Prussian King
Wilhelm I, used these methods to unify Germany under the Prussian monarch. He did this through a
complex series of machinations that included wars against Denmark, Austria, and France. In the
process, he excluded Austria from a role in this new Germany, which was finally unified after
the victory by Prussia and the other German states over France in 1871. He also placated
liberals opposed to the autocratic rule of the Prussian monarch by instituting several liberal
reforms, including old-age pensions for most Germans and other social security
reforms.
Bismarck called his approach to statecraft realpolitik, and it was
an approach also pursued by Count Camillo di Cavour of Sardinia. Cavour was a longtime advocate
of a constitutional monarchy for Italy under the control of the king of...
href="https://www.history.com/topics/germany/otto-von-bismarck">https://www.history.com/topics/germany/otto-von-bismarck
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